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HomeMy WebLinkAboutMinutes Human Relations Commission - 12/02/2010 • Corpus Christi Human Relations Commi Summary of Minutes for December 2, 2010 JAN2' � 2011 1. CALL TO ORDER Vice-Chairperson Robert Garza called the meeting to order at 5:00 p. _Gt1YSECRErARV,S OFFICE A. ROLL CALL Present Commissioners: Ramiro Gamboa Abel Alonzo Robert Adler Edna Arredondo Kathleen Cooper Toni Davis Margie Myers Lucy Reta Elias Valverde Jacob Sendejar Present Staff: Leon Bazar(Human Relations) Patsy Garcia (Human Relations) Brian Narvaez (Legal) Absent Commissioners: Denise Villagran (Excused) Pastor Derrick Reaves (Excused) Robert Garza Robert Franklin Zachary Zepeda Janet Zuniga B. REQUESTS FOR EXCUSED ABSENCES MOTION Motion to excuse Pastor Derrick Reaves and Denise Villagran for the December 2, 2010 meeting made by Edna Arredondo and seconded by Lucy Reta. Motion passed. 2. APPROVAL OF REGULAR MEETING MINUTES OF 11/04110 MOTION Motion to approve the November 4, 2010 meeting minutes made by Robert Adler and seconded by Elias Valverde. Motion passed. 3. PUBLIC COMMENTS (LIMITED TO 3 MINUTES) None 4. PRESENTATIONS A. Channel 10 ADA Parking News Special Leon Bazar stated the department wanted to share the Channel 10 ADA Parking News Special to the Commission since the Committee For Persons With Disabilities has stressed concerns regarding ADA parking violations and abuse. Mr. Bazar also stated Channel 10 News presented a two night series report and did a great job producing the news special. The department plans to submit the news special to the State Governor's Committee For Persons With Disabilities in consideration for a Barbara Jordan Media Awards. Mr. Bazar also reported the City of Corpus Christi has hired a Parking Control Supervisor and will begin to start working the major shopping areas and issue citations to people and ensure people are not abusing the ADA parking at the malls and other major shopping locations. 5. CHAIRPERSON'S REPORT - NONE SC NNED Page 1 of 8 6. SUBCOMMITTEE REPORTS A. Housing Subcommittee— National Mortgage Suit Article Margie Myers spoke regarding the following: • Fifth Circuit Rejects Appeal of Fair Housing Case • Banks' Mortgage Practices Reap More Lawsuits (Copies of the reports are_attached.) FIFTH CIRCUIT REJECTS APPEAL OF FAIR HOUSING CASE Last week, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit issued its opinion in NAACP et al. v. City of Kyle. The case relates to municipal development authority. In the case, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the Home Builders Association of Greater Austin, and the National Association of Home Builders sued the City of Kyle regarding amendments to the citys zoning and subdivision ordinances. The plaintiffs claimed that the ordinances violated the federal Fair Housing Act by discriminating against minority homebuyers. The ordinance amendments that formed the basis of the lawsuit included such items as: One single-family district that allows homes with a minimum of 1,600 square feet of living area, on a minimum lot size of 8,190 square feet. Another single-family district that allows homes with a minimum of 1,200 square feet of living area, on a minimum lot size of 6,825 square feet. Buildings and structures in the two residential districts are required to have all sides of brick, stone, fiber cement siding, or other approved masonry product. Each home must have an attached garage with a minimum of 480 square feet. Those regulations would not be considered overly burdensome to most observers. However, the plaintiffs claimed that they significantly increase the price of entry-level homes, thus placing them beyond the financial reach of many potential minority homebuyers. In March 2009, the federal district court in Austin held in favor of the City of Kyle. The court of appeals also held in favor of the city. It did so for the procedural reason that neither the NAACP nor the builders associations have standing to sue the city because, in part, no evidence was presented that any of their members were unable to purchase a home as a result of the ordinance amendments. Contrary to the plaintiffs claims, the case really isnt about discrimination against certain homebuyers. Certain groups continually attack municipal building regulations because of the costs that they impose. What those groups fail to recognize is that municipal regulations and, more importantly, services make a community viable to begin with. TML member cities may use the material herein for any purpose. No other person or entity may reproduce, duplicate, or distribute any part of this document without the written authorization of the Texas Municipal League.Back to Legislative Update Index (/legis_updates.asp ) Page 2 of 8 Business&Financial News,Breaking US&international NeWs I KCU CTS.Cpm rage i OI 1 wrf. ��=s,Ji`irt Sllit`.FZ 'Z:h`Y<anal&L,'r . V._".. , m3 WNItt,.Mv.V£V%Nh PAIMIIA4U ARianlk"arant::2rZt-s4,4 o�zt4IM off.-:rNR C9. t ,Ws``opolk il,,viAWIt3ms t kV,oat Print This copy Is for your parsed,non-commercial use only.To order preaentebot ready copies for distribution ho colisagtres,cents or customers.use the Reprints tool at the top of any article or visit:wwvv.reutersrepralecom. _. .,.-.-.. ..-. - - �;:.,-s�a.+wmaatrrmnmra� ,.. ::..,iswww,_,r:�nnx _ -,:,,.-•mem(..,:,.�.�•.r...:..awe.�aaw�.r.:,x„e�:ax,xc•.w.s�....x.Fe,,. Banks' mortgage practices reap more lawsuits Tea,Nov 8 20 i e By Jonathan Spicer and Tom Hals • p NEW YORK/WILMINGTON,Delaware(Reuters)-Lawsuits against banks over their mortgage lending end foreclosure practices continue to pile up,with JPAAorgan,PNC Finano Services and Ally Firancial disclosing seats on Tuesday. JPMorgan Chase&Co faces two possible class eeriest'mauls related to foreclosures,the No.2 et f 3 U.S.bank said in a regetatory filing c The suits allege'con mon law fraud and misrepresentation,as welt as violations of state F: k consumer fraud statutes."JPMorgan said in the Securilies end Exchange Commission filing, r without diacd osing who feed them. Banks.under kwastigation by state and federal officials for sloppy or even fraudu ant foreclosure paperwork,face suits from both borrowers and investors in mortgage-backed securities. Ally Financial Inc said it has been sued by bodge fund Cambridge Place investment Management,which has ramped up a legal scrap with Wall Street to recoup money lost on subprtrne mortgages. PNC Financial Services Group said it had been sued by the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago,alleging misrepresentations and omissions in connection wilts the sale of rnorlgege-booked saturates. Goldman Sachs Group Inc,meanwhile,is reviewing the practices of its Lkton Loan Servicing unit and has temporarily suspended evictions and foreclosures in several states,according to a regulatory!Bng on Tuesday. Bank of America,JProlorgae and Ally's(SMAC Mortgage voluntarily imposed brat moratoriums on foreclosures to review their practices but have begun to resume evictions of delinquent borrowers. U.S.attorneys general for of S0 states are jointly investigating whether banks fat ad to review documents properly or submitted false information to evict delinquent borrowers. JPMorgan said in Tuesday's quarterly SEC filing,that it believes the information it provided about the foreclosures was'materially accurate' Since September,at least tee lawsuits seeking oleos acilen status have named JPMorgan in federal cart for Rea Northern District of Illinois:one by a Chicago homeowner domirtg Wall Street banks wore acting together to iiiegaiy foreclose on homes,and another by Kentucky homeowners seeking lass action status for having home equity lines cut. It was unclear'whether either of these were referred to in the SEC filing.JPMorgen did not respond to requests far Information on the lawsuits. The KBW index of bank stocks was down 1.3 percent In afternoon trading.JPMergee shares slipped 0.9 percent,PNC shares were off 1.9 percent and Goldman Sachs fell 0.8 percent. MORTGAGE-aACKED SUITS JPMorgan else acknowledged it faced suits related to mortgage-Necked securities brought try Cambridge Place and brokerage Charles Schwab Corp. Schwab is also among those bond investors that are suing Cittgroup Inc,which,wi a Bank of America,last weekdisctosed suits related to mortgage underwriting. "There is a lot of damage frrxn investors buying RMBS(residential mortgage-backed securities)kern investment banks in'06,'CO end 07,"said Gored Sick,a partner at Bernstein Lkowitz Berger Si Grossmann LLP.who tiled the Cambridge Place lawsuit In Massachusetts. "Enormous damages were sustained from those vintages of RMBS," saki. JPMorgan added that it was the parent defendant in"nine separate individual actions filed by the Federal Home Loan Banks of Pittsburgh,Seattle,San Francisco, Chicago and Indianapolis in various state courts around the country." in October,the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago sued several banks over$3.3 baton of mortgage-backed securities It had purchased.PNC said In a fling kis being sued over$345 million of the securities,said by National City,which wee acquired by PNC In December 2008. Also on Tuesday.Ally said it has been named in six mortgage bond•relatrvd lawsuits fed by Investors including Cartridge place,Chases Schwab,and the Federal Home Loan Banks of Chicago and Indianapolis. MBIA insurance Corp also bled two lawsuits against Aly over mortgage bonds.Aly disclosed le an SEC flag (Reporting by Jonathan Spicer,Marla Aspen and Helen Keeney in New York,and Tom Hats in Wilmington,Delaware;Editing by Tim DObbyn) to Thomson Reuters 2010.At rights reserved Users may dowmkaad aril print extracts of=Merit horn this website for their crvn personal and non-commercial use only.Repubfecation or redtsadbubon of Thomson Reuters content Including by framing or similar mains,Is expressly prohibited without the prior written consent of Thomson Rea[are Thomson Reuters and tf$toga are registered tradematits or trademarks of the Thomson Reuters group of companies around the world Thomson Reuters journalists are subjete to an Editor-le Handbook wldch requires fair presentation and disclosure of rslevanf interacts, This copy is for your personet,non-commercial use only.To order presentation-ready copses for d;stribution to colleagues,clients or cls5tontere,use the Reprints http://www.reuters.eom/assetslprint?aid=USTRE6A84M620101109 12/2/2010 Page 3 of 8 B. Committee for Persons With Disabilities — 12101110 Meeting Abel Alonzo reported the following: • Presentation by the Coastal Bend Center for Independent Living regarding employment, independent living, ramp program and other issues were presented • Review of the Coastal Bend Aging and Disability Resource Directory (A copy of the directory included in monthly meeting packet.) C. Education Subcommittee — No Report D. Disparity Subcommittee — No Report Leon Bazar stated hopefully by next month the subcommittee will provide a plan that is being devised with the Development Services. E. Health Disparity Subcommittee — No Report 7. HUMAN RELATIONS ADMINISTRATOR'S REPORT A. Department Monthly Performance Report Review Leon Bazar provided the Commissioners with copies of the November 2010 Monthly Performance Report. Highlights were shared with the Commissioners. (copy of the report is attached.) HUMAN RELATIONS Month Nov.2010 yIS,S'�i I A SERVICE STRATEGY:- 1 'with a goal of"Fosterin1Diverse and Equitable f:ttvirun i encs With Respect and Professionalism,the Human Relations Department will —._...._ ennduet and enfAtnericaworceapnsitive�rugtamofnon-discrimination inEniployment,Fair 0{ui.an- Public.4ccommodatio. and CorMance ._ Amnions with the wish fhisabi7iflcs Act(ADA)within the City of Cogius Christi We will also make xeportx and recommendatious r__ the City Council and others,toward the betterment of getup and inicogr_apyclationships within the community.I ,4JOR PROGRAMS 4ND SERVICES: — A.Note-[llscrtminatlon Program I.Intake,Iuvestigative,and Mediation/Resolution Service 2.Community Oueeaeh,Education,and Awareness �_._........l 3.Technical and Administrative Services B.ADA Compliance 1.Address and monitor ADA compliance,and related issues,through accommodation requests and citizen i Community Education and Awareness;and ToohtticaVAdministrtdrve Assistance. 2.Coorrtirsetion of implementation,monitoring,and update of the Citywide ADA TransitionPlan I —1 PERFORMANCE MEASURE OBJECTIVES Actual Adopted L . Oct. .Nov. , YTD_ - --�-- 2009-2UTU \ 2010-2011 Prior Month Current Month 2010-2011 A. ER • SVICE LEVEL OBJEt Provide levesstame Service to include intake,investigation,mediation,conciliation,monitoring„and charge resolution in Employment(including ADA),Fair Housing,and Public Acc mm dodo;; Measures: Dutpul ,;0%) L () .14f,� w11l( tRt f " };{ ; s: i: )'.LUC�T:oturact Y7 Clasutes Gaal - Totatand%ofGoal•DYE to9/30 108(103%) 104 2 9 11(10.65) I oft:httaue Clout(Rote:red to 1±0(') - Total and%of Goal-1011 to 9/30 110(100%) 98 2 7 9(9.1%) 13Ul)i-sir Housing Complaint Resolution- Total-711/to 6'30 45 42 2 5 19(42.2%) Measures:Mtecttvenesss1: 'e5 �,.aa3 c'' l 'Kis '"`�•"..,.pI`ER , r hht ltl L;targe Wntc-Ups(Pater-led t.nurgts)completed anif scut to SAPO in 8 days or less(as%of) 90% 90% 2/2(100%) 5;7(71.4%) 5/9(55.5%) biaif:Charges(closed within ISO days as%o total closures rip-I Oi l to 9/30 55% 75% 9f2c0%) 7/9(77.7%) 7;11(63.6%) HT7U hau 116ton%(omphunts closed within 100 days a SO of total 70`Yo 012(0%) 315(60%) 13/19(68.4%) B.SERVICE LEVEL OBJECTIVE: i Provide Community Outreach,Education,and Awarenessa Measures:Output a_-' Sig:, ,>r, e i!1'.1411‘1.0 ,711 .r ), }'!ember ortrarvng sasatocs,community meetings,and informational cacao-8/1/to 7/31 48 40 S 7 18 SERVLCE LEVE 0' C 141 , Provide ADA Accessibility,Accommodations,and"technical Assistan a west resolution gteasureu Uuiput �,xer r 1!"* .I _. .'ate i<;,:' ;i+;yc ';r s , (ADA Citizens Complaints(Accessibility) f : ! 100 6 6 20 , Public Aceomn odahon Requests 75 55 I 2 7 ADA Trash Service Assistance 0 20 3 3 13 ADA Technical Assistacco 48 43 5 25 36 •-Rcpt.engaged in providium technical assistance for ADA per'sing to now Coliseum parking lot •—DDeptengaged in p ic&pprvoceaa for Disability Engtloynreal Month Sjtn_posium •Coordinated meeting with Nod:aide representative and RTA re:bus stops and ADA accessibility- _ ) Page 4 of 8 B. 2010 Annual Employer Symposium Leon Bazar reported on the 2010 Annual Employer Symposium held on Friday, November 12, 2010, 11:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. at the Del Mar College Center for Economic Development. Mr. Bazar stated HEB, RTA and other agencies were represented at the event and approximately 350 people attended. The department is a sponsor and encourages people to consider the utilization of persons with disabilities in the workforce. • Mr. Bazar provided information regarding the Harbor Lights Schedule of Events. (Copy of the flyer is attached.) 4 PI,UPt,f.1 'II I MAD —C /j/fr �r r/ ' : 1 t ill 1 h ( lel �. ? t ' ( , ,,.„ l ,, , ,,,,,,,,/,. PP' ,l. 1 1 € S ,s: 1 AcHATtit Sr. st tl11 't L1, ti1 ; eI 1 ,-. a. Las Ltrc'es del Afar,the Lights of the Sed x I i01 I tiday %\rtwalk Vcndots and Street artists z ' slutnsoted by the I) Management otuntown Mgement 1)i>triet z Youth Pet for`in'nit e Area and"Jamie Mercado brought to}you by/95 Vendors,strolling inmit.inns,artisan, ii Community PO'ada(Chi istntac Proccssiun) sponrorcd iiy die IIispanR \Vunmt's fsctwrit k Ob I II'sBuilds Gingerbread 1(olid y rice Village VAI.FR()Children's((iii of Loin ;It cass°ay , brought to I'M by the Beach 96 5 % it :Alain l,nteitunment Stage Prove, over the Carand Program i AW RI rata .0 I, 1D0d71 r-IIIAD Q , 1 O1)1),1(riitl?\51tonceit—AlaincnittainmentSt;( Nit SA' I'1•1i'' Ill (;1 ,"t1,1I -I - `xi11, It' 1I c)1 l ';'I Ilra'ho) Light, I''e.rtival ts.n Tamale mei(ado& BLS"( 'Fain its Contest brought to sou he/95 • i nYouth Pci lot nun(c Aie t hrotight to mu in K I o y'.- i a,t lingk Cell i:uberiuc Co(l oft brought town bs t11 i lyes,r ‘,2• I'm a1:1' I I\AS Ch/1411(1)., l'ara de busted In Della Stripes Zi T1141r 6enerl/HO IC4/:x $de. \.(1,1111c of ICl I X t) :i lint I II:Budd% Ginicrbtcad I Iolida+ Tice Village ter- Z ,.`,a ,gym (.1olio.n's�1ctn us ,Arca s tunsoted hr the 1)m+mov n llS(I1T1•net' O > Optimist (auh 3: lint lint S I RI1'1 S C;mds ( ane Lane and\ 11 LR()Children's x Gilt or Loot (in viay hi ought to Nuo hl'the Beath 9n.5 d1V � a < nnu i4':'''' "Ii"i oft ll 3, pm pnt I (, RI SOI RC1 1laut Lorca unment Stage 0ai oin Lighting CcumhhIts Begins o i;inn Santa's Motorcade Lon Lighting of the free 41 iglus I.Inn Illuminated Boat Parade brought to}ou bs`KOLL,io-3.7 Page 5 of 8 \v'\V' \vII :AI: hORII (ill I ISI ( \ \ I () KG • Mr. Bazar provided information regarding the Annual H-E-B Feast of Sharing. (Copy of the flyer is attached.) Are you able to deliver a hot meal to Annual homebound elderly and disabled residents on Christmas Eve, Friday,December 24, 2010? E.»(B The H-E-B Feast of Sharing Planning Committee is seeking volunteers to deliver the spirit of the season to feast ofSharing those who cannot attend the event at the American Bank Center rsu^.,rsw�,rw•,�a.•..arya;:s^: •n-n o;.i:.zr,:a:�z::�rw•r.»sn�:s-.uu:vw+raver�• '3 ,.:,,.,,., .. *.:.ra .... u, ;,M;.�.>,Y,� ,..x;,,,. , ..,..Ph, ;,,;r.,.a le HOME DELIVERED MEAL VOLUNTEER DRIVERS 1 To Deliver Meals You Need * A Vehicle Available o * To Be Willing To Travel Anywhere in The City i * A Buddy That Is Waling To Assist you * A 48 quart Ice chest for transporting meals ?t I City Employees and their families are encouraged to participate as part of the f City Assistance Team. gt 4,..,,,,.......—.....—...—,,. - .-—..,...1.vm va.u'atwra aIMsxersro.acMii.a+:raxsmrsca; xe©a;r.+nawews*uem sn:rCOMOreRa rtirzrycacr,,C1.:w152,ti sr:aw*a?vaa,a a# i..,,,.:.F:: •,,,,,,l'..r i�vf,I wh1..07 s e' :461,~-3.4k4i 2JrUE9'SEiY PeMii.+'J'i iltkM1Y.,N.4RCFKr /'43,9acir V'/Ikal"."-;9H .k4 PAih'W>4.:600/f-iraidam�, OTHER VOLUNTEERWORKAT EVENT 41 4 If you want to volunteer in another capacity on December 24, 2010.Call the Volunteer Center of the Coastal Bend at 887-8282 for a list of job descriptions available for the event or visit www volunteercentercorpus.org x t, + , ,w• r.;x_,rrWaa... uso-r esxacue a-.rra a ra,+msua:,,,,it vwF,Umna#•nnwr arsir++moW41cw.+r.+W«'fr...vso=«icsn +a^,,.n•c• Return the volunteer registration form below to the Senior Community Services Administrative Office, I"floor City Hall by December 24,2010 or return via email to lisootlitectexas.com. For additional information call 826-3150. X X X x }c....<....x X X....e<.... :.... 4 X X X X....,. wtti Sw...,oan`.k.s.`k 3'...t'x,tcacyta,a-s.s•::z: a..,:::b;d�e"i.PafRe+rt-r.;..:< ter. as>. . •x..•.:_..W.Tax. r/1...1,.•,.. x ;..t 4O.,v x<. 1 H-E-B FEAST OF SHARING ADECEMBER 24, 2010 x S VOLUNTEER DRIVER SIGN-UP SHEET City If 4 MOM TEAM CAPTAIN 4 i 1 NAME(s) DEPARTMENT s ADDRESS WORK PHONE PHONE (H) (C) EMAIL 1 O VOLUNTEER DRIVER Select time available: 0 10:30 a.m.- 12:30 p.m. 0 11:15 a.m.- 1:15 p.m. s 1 s �SeoJrmv:z7.aa.rarrrxsr,.,n.;: -. .,s rsxs•niT�.�+'Y-ea.,-o Page 6 of 8 • Mr. Bazar provided information regarding the City of Corpus Christi Senior Community Services 28th Annual Holiday Dinner (Volunteer Packet). (Copy of the flyer is attached.) s t�a'puep'nisH -L. ' Sensor Community Services 28th_Annual Moliday Dinner 11111 APUS P, lfmGiPA AlfcriGi Volunteer Packet A iCtztEATKM City Employees, We invite you to volunteer at our Twenty-Seventh Annual Holiday Dinner. The extravaganza will take place on Thursday, December 16, 2010,from 1:30 p.m. to 6:30 p.m. at the American Bank Convention Center Watergarden Room. If you would like to participate, please return your Volunteer Assignment Form to Senior Community Services Division (1st Floor-City Hall) by December 2, 2010 or via fax to the Garden Senior Center at 361-980-9031. Volunteer shifts will be approximately two hours long. The City Manager has approved City employee volunteers using their lunch hour, and one hour of"city time", with supervisor approval. Everyone involved, except guest confirmation volunteers and guides must have a Food Handler's Permit. We will be hosting an Orientation and Food Handler's Training session on Thursday, December•9, 2010 from 9:00 a.nt, to 11:30 a.m. in City Council Chambers. Temporary food handler's cards will be issued and are valid for the Holiday Dinner ONLY. If you wish to receive a regular 3-year food handler's card, the cost to you will be$10.00(cash only). A confirmation notice for volunteers will be sent on Friday, December 10, 2010. Dinner is provided to all volunteers after the senior center members are served their dinner. Ifyou have any questions or need additional information contact: Sonia Garza 361-980-9354 or email soniagta:cctexas.com Senior Community Services Administration Office City Hall, 1' Floor 1201 Leopard Street Corpus Christi, TX 78401 Page 7 of 8 • Senior Community Services Annual Holiday Dinner AREAS of VOLUN'i'LER SUPPORT Please prioritize volunteer assignment preferences by indicating: (1)first choice and (2) second choice *Requires a Food Handler's Card SELECTIONS *Ice Tea Cart/Buser *Dessert Preparation Guides 4:30 pm—6:30 pm _9:30am-11:30am 1:00 pm—3:00 pm *Refreshments *Dessert CartBuser 3:00 pm—5:0D pin 1:30 pm—3:30 pm _ 4:30 pm—6:30 pm 5:00 pm—7:00 pm Ticket Takers *Maitre t)'s/Buser _^1:30 pm-3:30pm __4:30 put 6:30 pm Beverage Curt Attendants Prep Ice Tea glasses onto delivery carts and serve to guests. Monitors water stations and provides assistance as needed. Buser Attendants Clear plates from guests.return bus rubs to kitchen. Dessert Curt Attendants Will"plate up"dessert item to be served to guests. Stocks the dessert item onto the delivery cart and serve guests. Guides Greet guests,provide general information,provide assistance in seating guests as requested and provide direct assistance for chartered bus arrivals and departures. Maitre 1)'s Teams of two will serve the entree to seated guests. Refreshments Refill food trays and beverages as needed. Tear down refreshment stations and take all unused supplies to kitchen. SCS Holiday Dinner Volunteer Assignment Registration Form ✓ Deadline to Submit: Thursday,December 2,2010 Send to: Senior Community Services- 1n Floor City Hall or Fax at 361-980-9031 Attention: Sonia Garza Name: Emp. 1.1)# Dept./Division: Phone: Email: _ Do you have a current Food Handler's Card? Yes (attach a copy) No Employee/Volunteer Signature Date Supervisor Signature Date 8. IDENTIFY ITEMS TO BE PLACED ON NEXT AGENDA • Texas Housing Corporation - Update on Fair Housing Event 9. ADJOURNMENT MOTION Motion to adjourn the meeting made by Robert Adler and seconded by Toni Davis. Motion passed. The meeting adjourned at 5:35 p.m. Page 8 of 8